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Isaac Newton’s Bibliography
Isaac Newton is an English philosopher, mathematician, and physicist who is one of the most known and influential scientists in history. He was the one who introduced calculus in the area of mathematics, the heterogeneous white light in the area of optics, the three laws of motion in the area of mechanics, and the universal law of gravitation in the area of physics.
Where and When was Isaac Newton Born?
Isaac Newton was born on the 4th of January 1643 in a Woolsthorpe manor house which is in Lincolnshire, England. His recorded birthday was on Christmas day which is on December 25, 1642 because England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar yet at the time he was born. His father, who also went by the name Isaac, was a farmer and he died three months before his son Isaac Newton was born. When he was at the age of three, his mother Hanna Ayscough remarried to Reverend Barnabus Smith. Isaac Newton was left to be cared for by his grandmother, who was named Margery Ayscough, because his mother raised a new family with her new husband.
Isaac Newton did not have a happy childhood. He grew up holding grudges against his mother and his stepfather. He went to school at a free grammar school known as The King’s School which is in Grantham. When his mother returned to Woolsthorpe after her second husband died, she took Isaac Newton away from school because she wanted him to become a farmer. Isaac Newton was never inclined to become a farmer and eventually, he returned to The King’s School in 1660 for him to be prepared to enter a university.
Isaac Newton at Cambridge
Isaac Newton was admitted to Cambridge university's Trinity College on the 5th June 1661. He entered as a sizar which means that he entered college as a working student despite having a wealthy mother. The scientific revolution has not yet penetrated the aura of learning in Cambridge and Isaac Newton, along with other students, was taught of Aristotle’s teachings in the college. Isaac Newton had a preference to study the more modern philosophies of Rene Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Thomas Hobbes, and other modern philosophers because he himself had already mastered and understood the ideas of these modern philosophers during his private studies when he was still in Woolsthorpe.
Isaac Newton was taking his bachelor’s degree in 1665 when the university in Cambridge closed for two years because of the Great Plague. It was during this time of the Great Plague in 1665 and 1666 that the genius of Isaac Newton was surfacing out and it showed through developing and formulating his own theories and formulas in mathematics, optics, physics, and even in astronomy.
In 1667, he became a minor fellow in Trinity College. In 1668, he became a major fellow after he got his Master’s Degree. In 1669, he became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics and his position enabled him to enhance his earlier researches. In 1672, he became a Royal Society fellow and then his first publication on light and the nature of color was released.
Publications of Isaac Newton’s principles and great works on different subjects went on as he continued to do experiments and intensive studies. He had encountered disputes on most of his works after releasing them but he remains someone to have had a substantial influence on science. He died in London on March 31, 1727 leaving the world his great works and contributions in science.
Isaac Newton’s Bibliography
Isaac Newton is an English philosopher, mathematician, and physicist who is one of the most known and influential scientists in history. He was the one who introduced calculus in the area of mathematics, the heterogeneous white light in the area of optics, the three laws of motion in the area of mechanics, and the universal law of gravitation in the area of physics.
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Johannes Kepler’s Biography
Johannes Kepler is a 17th century German mathematician and scientist. He is known for his laws of planetary motion which are referred to as Kepler’s Laws. He is one of those who introduced modern astronomy to the world of science.
Johannes Kepler was born in Weil der Stadt, Swabia, Germany on December 27, 1571. His father, Heinrich Kepler, was a mercenary soldier and he left his family when Johannes Kepler was still around five years old. His mother, Katharina Guldenmann, was an innkeeper’s daughter. Johannes Kepler lived with his mother in his grandfather’s inn and he had impressed inn lodgers with his extraordinary mathematical skills. Although Johannes Kepler was born as a sickly child, he still grew up as an intelligent child.
Johannes Kepler had the privilege to observe the Great Comet of 1577. In 1580, he witnessed a lunar eclipse. These incidents had triggered his interest in the field of astronomy. He studied in a local grammar school and then in a seminary before he got admitted to study philosophy at the University of Tübingen in 1589. Johannes Kepler excelled in mathematics and it was Michael Mästlin, his astronomy teacher, who introduced and taught to him the Ptolemaic system and Copernicus’ heliocentric cosmological system. These systems of advanced astronomy were only taught by Michael Mästlin to a chosen few under him. He accepted the Copernican system as true. In April 1594, he got the position as mathematics teacher in Graz, Austria. His first major publication was in defense to the Copernican system.
Johannes Kepler was a religious man and he believed that God created nature with numerical relationships. It was his association with the authorities in the University of Tübingen that compromised his religious beliefs and this made him excommunicated in 1612. It was even Michael Mästlin who kept him from being ordained by persuading him to be a post mathematics teacher in Graz.
In Prague, Johannes Kepler became an assistant to a famous astrologer, Tycho Brahe. In 1601, Tycho Brahe died and Johannes Kepler replaced his position. Being in charge of Brahe’s studies collections, Johannes Kepler was able to devise his theory about the planets’ orbits and this eventually led to his statements and laws. He had also worked as a mathematician to Rudolph II who was a Roman Emperor.
Johannes Kepler was married to Barbara Müller on April 27, 1597. They had two children named Heinrich and Susanna who died in their infancy but they had one daughter and two sons who survived to grow up whose names were Susanna, Friedrich, and Ludwig. His son Ludwig died after acquiring smallpox and it was not long before his wife Barbara died of illness. On October 30, 1613, he was married to Susanna Reuttinger who was the fifth of his eleven prospects. Among his children with Susanna, three died in childhood and three whose names were Cordula, Fridmar, and Hildebert survived to adulthood.
Johannes Kepler spent his last years travelling over Europe until he came to Regensburg and became ill. He died on November 15, 1630 leaving the world of science his laws and theories that made him a figure of change in the history of science and astronomy.
Johannes Kepler’s Biography
Johannes Kepler is a 17th century German mathematician and scientist. He is known for his laws of planetary motion which are referred to as Kepler’s Laws. He is one of those who introduced modern astronomy to the world of science.
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Marie Curie Biography
Marie Curie was a French physicist and chemist who is known today for being associated with the origin of radioactivity and the discovery of radium and polonium. She is a legendary scientist for being the first woman to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics and the first scientist to have won two Nobel Prizes.
Maria Sk?odowska, who is known today as Marie Curie, was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. She was Polish-raised and she was the fifth and youngest child. Her parents were both educators. Her father, W?adys?aw Sk?odowski, was a mathematics and physics professor. Her mother, Bronis?awa Boguska, died of tuberculosis when Maria was still twelve.
Marie Curie was an intelligent student. In 1883, she finished her secondary education earning a gold medal. She first learned physics from her father. She wanted to learn more but women in Poland were not allowed to enter universities during her time. She wanted to study at the Sarbonne which is the University of Paris but she did not have the means to do so. She earned a living to help sustain her family by being a tutor and being a governess in well-off families. In 1891, she moved to Paris in lieu to an arrangement with her sister who had just finished a degree in medicine there and she entered as a physics student at the Sarbonne where she studied physics, chemistry, and mathematics. She devoted herself to her studies. In 1893, she finished first place with her degree in physics. In 1894, she finished second place with her degree in mathematics.
In 1894, Marie Curie was working on her research project that involved the magnetic properties of metal mixtures when she met Pierre Curie who was associated with the school of Physics and Chemistry. In 1895, she was married to Pierre Curie and the two of them continued studying radioactivity together. Marie Curie was the one who invented the word radioactivity to describe the phenomenon in which elements give off radiation. In July 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie announced their discovery of a radioactive element which they named polonium after Marie’s country Poland. In December 1898, they announced their discovery of another radioactive element which they named radium.
Marie Curie got her doctorate degree in science in 1903 and she, along with her husband Pierre Curie and with Antoine Henry Becquerel, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in the same year for their work on radioactivity.
In 1906, Pierre Curie died and Marie Curie replaced her husband’s professorship at the Sarbonne. In 1908, she became a full professor at the Sarbonne and she was the first woman to have been given this position at the Sarbonne.
Marie Curie became the director of the Institute of Radioactivity which is in Warsaw, Poland in 1911 and she won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in the same year for her work on isolating pure radium. In 1914, she became the first director of the Radium Institute in Paris.
Marie Curie had two daughters with Pierre. She died of anemia on July 4, 1934 and her health condition was due to too much exposure to high levels of radiation. The negative health effects of radioactivity were not recognized and known while she was still doing her study on radioactivity. Marie Curie’s great work and discoveries in the field of radioactivity makes her one of the most important scientists in physics.
Marie Curie Biography
Marie Curie was a French physicist and chemist who is known today for being associated with the origin of radioactivity and the discovery of radium and polonium. She is a legendary scientist for being the first woman to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics and the first scientist to have won two Nobel Prizes.
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Max Planck’s Biography
Max Planck was a German physicist who is known today for originating the quantum theory. He got the Nobel Prize in 1918 and he is considered as one of the legendary scientists who introduced modern physics to the world of science.
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, who is more commonly known today as Max Planck, was born on April 23, 1858 in Kiel, Germany. His father, Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck, was a Constitutional Law Professor at the University of Kiel and his mother, Emma Planck, was the second wife of his father.
Max Planck came from a line of an intellectual family. Both his great-grandfather and grandfather were theology professors in Göttingen, Germany. He studied elementary in Kiel but he spent his secondary at the Maximillian Gymnasium in Munich after his family moved in 1867 when his father got appointed as a professor in Munich. He excelled in music rather than in mathematics to the extent that he even considered becoming a musician. His interest in physics started when he got impressed by the law of conservation of energy through his mentor Hermann Müller. After choosing to study physics instead of pursuing music, he eventually studied at the University of Munich in October 21, 1874. In October 1877, he moved to study at the University of Berlin and on the course of his study he got impressed by the second law of thermodynamics. In July 1879, he got his doctorate degree at the University of Munich with a distinction award of summa cum laude and his thesis was entitled “On the Second Law of the Mechanical Theory of Heat” which was about the second law of thermodynamics.
In 1880, he became a lecturer at the University of Munich. In 1885, he became a theoretical physics professor at the University of Kiel. In 1889, he became a professor at the University of Berlin. It did not take him long to become the President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society until he became a permanent secretary at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1912.
In 1900, he publicized his quantum theory of radiation or radiation law which is interchangeably known today as Planck Postulate, quantum theory, or Planck’s radiation formula thorough study on the second law of thermodynamics and black-body radiation. He formulated a mathematical solution to describe his law which states that electromagnetic energy can only be transmitted in quantized form and that it is absorbed in discreet packets having absolute sizes of what is known today as Planck’s constant. Though his work did not get accepted and appreciated immediately until Albert Einstein acknowledged and studied more of his important discovery.
In 1926, he became a foreign member of the Royal Society and he retired at the University of Berlin in this same year.
Max Planck was married twice. In March 1887, he was married to Marie Merck and he had four children with her. In March 1911, he got married again to Marga von Hoesslin and he had one son with her. One of his sons to Marie Merck was unfortunately executed in 1944 after having been associated to an unsuccessful plot against Adolf Hitler.
Max Planck died on October 4, 1947 in Göttingen, Germany leaving the world his influential quantum theory and being a significant scientist in developing modern physics.
Max Planck’s Biography
Max Planck was a German physicist who is known today for originating the quantum theory. He got the Nobel Prize in 1918 and he is considered as one of the legendary scientists who introduced modern physics to the world of science.
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